- Litmus paper
- Fehling's solution
- Tollen's reagent
- Sodium bicarbonate solution
Category: CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
- Electron-donating nature of chlorine atoms.
- Strong inductive effect of three chlorine atoms.
- Resonance stabilization of the carboxylate ion.
- Hydrogen bonding with chlorine atoms.
- Reduction followed by oxidation.
- Oxidation.
- Dehydration.
- Esterification.
- R-COOCH3?
- R-CONHCH3?
- R-CH2?OH
- R-CH2?NH2?
- Amide
- Ester
- Carboxylic acid
- Acid chloride
- Formation of an aldehyde.
- Formation of an ester.
- Formation of a primary alcohol.
- Formation of a secondary alcohol.
- Only acidic conditions.
- Only basic conditions.
- Either acidic or basic conditions, typically with heating.
- Neutral conditions at room temperature.
- POCl3?
- H3?PO4?
- H3?PO3?
- PCl5?
- 2-chloropropanoic acid
- 3-chloropropanoic acid
- Propanoic acid
- 2,2-dichloropropanoic acid
- An alcohol
- An aldehyde
- An acid anhydride
- A ketone
- An electrophile attacks the carbonyl carbon.
- A nucleophile replaces the leaving group on the acyl carbon.
- A proton is substituted.
- A hydrogen atom is replaced.
- Oxidation of alkyl side chains on benzene ring.
- Reaction of aryl halides with Grignard reagents.
- Reduction of aromatic aldehydes.
- Hydrolysis of aromatic nitriles.
- Acetic acid
- Benzoic acid
- Malonic acid
- Oxalic acid
- Addition of hydrogen across the C=O bond.
- Replacement of the -COOH group with -CH2OH.
- Breaking of the C-C bond.
- Oxidation of the carbon chain.
- A carboxylic acid and an ether.
- An ester and an aldehyde.
- An ester and a carboxylic acid.
- Two moles of alcohol.
- They are lower than those of alcohols of comparable molecular mass.
- They are higher than those of alcohols of comparable molecular mass.
- They are comparable to those of alkanes of similar molecular mass.
- They decrease with increasing molecular mass.
- Oxidation of a primary alcohol.
- Hydrolysis of a nitrile.
- Carboxylation of a Grignard reagent.
- Hydrolysis of an ester.
- Chlorine is more electronegative than nitrogen.
- Nitro group has a stronger electron-withdrawing resonance effect than chlorine.
- Chlorine is an electron-donating group.
- Nitro group destabilizes the carboxylate ion.
