– ETEA MCQs medical

No.	Topics.	No.	Topics.
1.	Adult health nursing -II	2.	Adult Health Nursing 1
3.	Anatomy & Physialogy 1	4.	Anatomy & Physiology -II
5.	Antomy	6.	Applied Nutrition
7.	Behavioral Psychology	8.	Bio chemistry for nurses
9.	Clinical Practicum	10.	Community Health Nursing -I
11.	Community Health nursing -III	12.	Community Health Nursing-I
13.	Community Health-II	14.	computer skills
15.	Critical Care Nursing	16.	Cultural Health & Society
17.	Developmental Pcychology	18.	English -1 ( Fundamental English )
19.	English -III ( Technical & Presentation Skills )	20.	English -VI ( Academic Writing )
21.	English-II Communication Skills	22.	English-IV
23.	English-V	24.	English-VII ( Professional Writing )
25.	Epidemoilogy	26.	Fundamenatals Of Nursing -II
27.	Fundamental of nursing	28.	Health Assessement 1
29.	Health Assessment -II	30.	Introduction To Biostatistics
31.	Introduction to Nursing Theories	32.	Islamiat
33.	Leadership & management in Nursing	34.	Mathematics
35.	Microbiology	36.	Mrental Health Nursinig
37.	Nursing Ethics	38.	Nursing Research
39.	Pak Study	40.	Pathophysiology
41.	Pathophysiology-II	42.	Pediartic Health Nursing -II
43.	Pharmacology -I	44.	Pharmacology -II
45.	Teaching Learning Principles & Practice

167. What technical term describes the proportion of individuals in a population who are at risk of developing a disease and who actually develop the disease over a specified period?

Prevalence.
Incidence.
Cumulative incidence.
Attack rate.

166. A public health authority receives reports of a sudden increase in emergency room visits for respiratory distress. What is the urgent epidemiological action?

Advise people to stay indoors.
Investigate potential environmental triggers (e.g., air pollution, allergen peaks) or an emerging respiratory pathogen.
Assume it is a normal seasonal fluctuation.
Only focus on treating individual patients.

164. A study finds a strong statistical association between a new food additive and a rare allergic reaction. The association is stronger in children than in adults. What critical epidemiological concept might this suggest?

Confounding.
Effect modification.
Selection bias.
Information bias.

165. A clinical epidemiologist is evaluating a new diagnostic test for Lyme disease. What epidemiological concept quantifies the proportion of individuals who test positive who actually have the disease?

Sensitivity.
Specificity.
Positive Predictive Value (PPV).
Negative Predictive Value (NPV).

163. A new vaccine is developed for a highly contagious disease. What medicinal epidemiological study design would be most appropriate for evaluating its long-term effectiveness in preventing disease in the general population?

Case-control study.
Cross-sectional study.
Prospective cohort study (observational).
Randomized controlled trial (RCT).

161. A cluster of severe birth defects is reported in a community. What is the urgent epidemiological action?

Dismiss it as random genetic mutations.
Initiate an investigation to identify common environmental exposures, maternal factors, or infectious agents during pregnancy.
Advise all pregnant women to leave the community.
Only focus on treating the affected children.

162. What technical term describes the measure of association in a case-control study, approximating the relative risk when the disease is rare?

Relative Risk (RR).
Odds Ratio (OR).
Attributable Risk (AR).
Prevalence Ratio (PR).

160. In clinical trials, what epidemiological principle aims to ensure that the patient groups receiving different treatments are similar in all aspects except for the treatment itself?

Blinding.
Matching.
Randomization.
Stratification.

159. A study attempts to estimate the prevalence of diabetes by administering a questionnaire that asks about self-reported diagnosis. What critical type of bias might this introduce?

Selection bias.
Information bias (e.g., misclassification due to self-report).
Confounding.
Observer bias.

157. What technical measure quantifies the number of deaths in a population over a specified period per unit of population?

Incidence rate.
Prevalence rate.
Crude mortality rate.
Case-fatality rate.

158. A new medicinal drug is found to be effective but also carries a significant risk of a rare, severe adverse event. What critical ethical consideration guides its approval and prescribing?

Only efficacy matters.
The balance between benefits and harms, and informed consent for patients.
Adverse events are always acceptable.
Only the cost of the drug matters.

156. A patient is diagnosed with a highly resistant strain of tuberculosis. What is the urgent clinical and epidemiological responsibility?

Treat the patient and send them home.
Immediately initiate isolation, multi-drug therapy, and rigorous contact tracing to prevent widespread transmission.
Wait for the disease to spread to other family members.
Only treat the patient's symptoms.

155. A clinical decision is made to prescribe a broad-spectrum antibiotic to a patient with a severe infection before culture results are available. What epidemiological concept informs this initial empiric treatment?

Resistance patterns.
Local epidemiology of pathogens and their susceptibility.
Only individual patient symptoms.
The cost of the antibiotic.

153. What medicinal epidemiological research aims to study the distribution and determinants of drug use and adverse drug reactions in human populations?

Pharmacodynamics.
Pharmacokinetics.
Pharmacoepidemiology.
Toxicology.

154. A study finds a statistically significant association between a diet and a health outcome, but the effect size is very small and not clinically meaningful. What critical interpretation should be made?

The finding is highly important for public health.
Statistical significance does not always equate to clinical or public health significance.
The study was biased.
The sample size was too small.

152. What technical term describes the time from infection to the onset of infectiousness (shedding the pathogen)?

Incubation period.
Latent period.
Communicable period.
Generation time.

151. A cluster of severe adverse drug reactions is reported to a local hospital’s pharmacy. What is the urgent medicinal epidemiological action?

Advise patients to stop all medications.
Immediately investigate the cluster, potentially identifying a specific drug, batch, or interaction, and report to pharmacovigilance authorities.
Dismiss it as unrelated events.
Blame patient non-adherence.

150. In clinical practice, a doctor screens a patient for a rare disease using a test with very high specificity. What critical implication might this have for the patient?

Many false negative results.
Few false positive results, reducing unnecessary follow-up.
Unreliable diagnosis.
No need for confirmatory tests.

149. A researcher conducting a case-control study interviews cases and controls about past exposures, and cases (who are ill) may remember exposures differently than controls. What critical type of bias is this?

Selection bias.
Recall bias.
Observer bias.
Confounding.

Category: BS Nursing

167. What technical term describes the proportion of individuals in a population who are at risk of developing a disease and who actually develop the disease over a specified period?

166. A public health authority receives reports of a sudden increase in emergency room visits for respiratory distress. What is the urgent epidemiological action?

164. A study finds a strong statistical association between a new food additive and a rare allergic reaction. The association is stronger in children than in adults. What critical epidemiological concept might this suggest?

165. A clinical epidemiologist is evaluating a new diagnostic test for Lyme disease. What epidemiological concept quantifies the proportion of individuals who test positive who actually have the disease?

163. A new vaccine is developed for a highly contagious disease. What medicinal epidemiological study design would be most appropriate for evaluating its long-term effectiveness in preventing disease in the general population?

161. A cluster of severe birth defects is reported in a community. What is the urgent epidemiological action?

162. What technical term describes the measure of association in a case-control study, approximating the relative risk when the disease is rare?

160. In clinical trials, what epidemiological principle aims to ensure that the patient groups receiving different treatments are similar in all aspects except for the treatment itself?

159. A study attempts to estimate the prevalence of diabetes by administering a questionnaire that asks about self-reported diagnosis. What critical type of bias might this introduce?

157. What technical measure quantifies the number of deaths in a population over a specified period per unit of population?

158. A new medicinal drug is found to be effective but also carries a significant risk of a rare, severe adverse event. What critical ethical consideration guides its approval and prescribing?

156. A patient is diagnosed with a highly resistant strain of tuberculosis. What is the urgent clinical and epidemiological responsibility?

155. A clinical decision is made to prescribe a broad-spectrum antibiotic to a patient with a severe infection before culture results are available. What epidemiological concept informs this initial empiric treatment?

153. What medicinal epidemiological research aims to study the distribution and determinants of drug use and adverse drug reactions in human populations?

154. A study finds a statistically significant association between a diet and a health outcome, but the effect size is very small and not clinically meaningful. What critical interpretation should be made?

152. What technical term describes the time from infection to the onset of infectiousness (shedding the pathogen)?

151. A cluster of severe adverse drug reactions is reported to a local hospital’s pharmacy. What is the urgent medicinal epidemiological action?

150. In clinical practice, a doctor screens a patient for a rare disease using a test with very high specificity. What critical implication might this have for the patient?

149. A researcher conducting a case-control study interviews cases and controls about past exposures, and cases (who are ill) may remember exposures differently than controls. What critical type of bias is this?

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