- Vasodilation and decreased fluid retention.
- Vasoconstriction, sodium and water retention, and cardiac remodeling, leading to worsening heart failure.
- Improved cardiac contractility.
- Decreased afterload.
Category: BS Nursing
- Impaired gastric emptying.
- Fibrosis and scarring of the esophageal wall.
- Acute inflammation.
- Muscle spasm.
- Acute inflammation of the retina.
- Microvascular damage and abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina due to chronic hyperglycemia.
- Optic nerve damage.
- Increased intraocular pressure.
- Oral antacids.
- Administration of bicarbonate (if severe) and addressing the underlying cause of AKI.
- Hyperventilation.
- Loop diuretics.
- Normal immune function.
- Severe immunosuppression due to CD4+ T cell depletion.
- Hyperactive immune response.
- Autoimmune disease.
- Oral antibiotics.
- Surgical debridement of necrotic tissue and broad-spectrum antibiotics to prevent sepsis.
- Pain management only.
- Observation.
- Decreased intracranial pressure.
- Increased intracranial pressure (ICP), leading to brain herniation and neurological deterioration.
- Improved cerebral blood flow.
- Enhanced neurotransmission.
- Direct bacterial infection.
- Immune complex deposition in the glomeruli.
- Ischemic injury.
- Tubular damage.
- Neuropathic pain.
- Diabetic foot infection, often with osteomyelitis, requiring urgent antibiotic treatment and debridement.
- Ischemia only.
- Venous insufficiency.
- Increased potassium excretion.
- Shift of potassium from intracellular to extracellular space in exchange for hydrogen ions.
- Decreased potassium intake.
- Increased aldosterone.
- Obstruction of the urinary tract.
- Ischemic or nephrotoxic injury to renal tubular cells.
- Reduced renal perfusion.
- Glomerular inflammation.
- To administer oral antibiotics.
- Immediate assessment for eligibility for reperfusion therapy (fibrinolysis or PCI) to minimize myocardial damage.
- To administer pain medication only.
- To observe and monitor.
- Viral infection.
- Inflammation and damage to hepatocytes due to alcohol metabolism products.
- Gallstone obstruction.
- Autoimmune attack.
- Bronchospasm.
- Obstruction of pulmonary arterial blood flow, leading to V/Q mismatch and hypoxemia.
- Alveolar inflammation.
- Pulmonary fibrosis.
- Impaired renal excretion of acid.
- Tissue hypoperfusion leading to anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid production.
- Hyperventilation.
- Overproduction of ketone bodies.
- Fluid overload.
- Accumulation of hydrophilic mucopolysaccharides in the dermis.
- Allergic reaction.
- Protein deficiency.
- Directly dissolves existing clots.
- Enhances the activity of antithrombin, thereby inhibiting various coagulation factors (e.g., thrombin, Factor Xa).
- Inhibits platelet aggregation.
- Blocks Vitamin K epoxide reductase.
- Increased erythropoietin production.
- Decreased erythropoietin production by the damaged kidneys.
- Iron deficiency.
- Vitamin B12 deficiency.
- Acute inflammation.
- Combination of neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, and impaired wound healing.
- Fungal infection.
- Increased immune response.
