- transcription
- translation
- protein folding
- DNA replication
Category: Biotechnology and Health Care
- the detection of a single gene at a time
- the simultaneous monitoring of the expression levels of thousands of genes
- the sequencing of a single chromosome
- the production of large quantities of a single protein
- entire antigen molecule
- specific, small part of an antigen that is recognized by an antibody
- antibody that binds to the antigen
- cell that produces the antigen
- add a correct copy of the gene
- use a small RNA molecule to block the translation of the mRNA from the defective gene
- provide infusions of the functional protein
- create a vaccine against the non-functional protein
- provides a weaker immune response
- induces a more robust and broader cell-mediated (T-cell) immune response because it mimics a natural infection
- requires more booster shots
- is safer for immunocompromised people
- culturing the bacteria, which can take 24-48 hours
- sequencing the entire bacterial genome
- a PCR-based test that can provide results in a few hours
- observing the patient's symptoms over a week
- a recombinant version of that same protein
- gene therapy to add another copy of the gene
- a monoclonal antibody designed to bind to and neutralize the excess protein
- a vaccine to stimulate more production of the protein
- a monoclonal antibody test for viral antigens
- nucleic acid testing (NAT/PCR) to detect viral RNA/DNA
- culturing the blood to see if a virus grows
- looking at the blood under a microscope
- treat an existing infection
- stimulate the immune system to create memory cells that will protect against future infections
- diagnose a disease at an early stage
- provide passive immunity by injecting antibodies
- a failed experiment
- a sample that is negative for the sequence
- a sample that is positive for the sequence
- the quality of the DNA in the sample
- cannot read human genes
- do not perform the same post-translational modifications (like glycosylation) as human cells
- have a different genetic code
- do not have ribosomes
- hide from the immune system by integrating its genome into the host's DNA
- grow a thick protective shell
- survive outside the body for long periods
- infect only a single type of cell
- insulin
- interferon
- erythropoietin (EPO)
- growth hormone
- using a harmless, modified virus to deliver the genetic code for an antigen into host cells
- using just a piece of the viral protein
- using a dead version of the pathogenic virus
- using the pathogen's toxin
- are a mixture of many different antibodies, so they bind to many targets
- have uniform specificity and produce consistent, reproducible results
- are much cheaper to produce
- do not require a host animal for production
- diagnosis of a disease
- prevention of a disease
- treatment or healing of a disease
- research purposes only
- the test failed
- the patient has the normal gene
- the patient likely has a mutation or deletion in that gene sequence
- the patient is immune to the disease
- isolate the virus and weaken it
- identify and isolate the gene that codes for a key viral antigen
- inject the whole virus into a host animal to produce antibodies
- find a chemical that can kill the virus
- the high cost of the treatment
- the potential for unintended, long-term side effects or changes to the germline (heritable DNA)
- the fact that it only works on bacterial diseases
- the requirement for a painful biopsy
